正解: BCorrect: B
自己効力感は課題固有の「できる」という信念、自尊心は全般的な自己価値の評価です。根拠のない自尊心の向上は成果につながらず、達成経験による効力感の向上が健全な自尊心を支えます。Self-efficacy is a task-specific belief that one can perform, while self-esteem is a global evaluation of self-worth. Inflating unfounded self-esteem does not improve outcomes; efficacy built through mastery supports healthy self-esteem.
Bandura は自己効力感を「特定の結果を生み出すために必要な行動を遂行できるという信念」と定義し、自尊心（自己価値の全般的評価）とは明確に区別しました。人はある領域で高い効力感を持ちながら別の領域では低い効力感を持ち得ますし、効力感が低い課題を「自分にとって重要でない」と位置づければ自尊心は保たれます。1980〜90年代の米国では、カリフォルニア州の自尊心特別委員会に象徴されるように、自尊心を高めれば学業や社会問題が改善するという運動が広がりましたが、Roy Baumeister らの 2003 年の包括的レビューは、自尊心の高さが学業成績や職務成果の原因であるという証拠は乏しく、むしろ成果の結果として自尊心が高まると結論づけました。選択肢Aは定義が逆で、Cは概念を混同し、Dは両者の独立性を無視しています。実践上の含意は、「自分を好きになる」ことより「できることを増やす」ことに投資すべきだということです。Bandura defined self-efficacy as the belief in one's capability to execute the actions required to produce specific outcomes, and clearly distinguished it from self-esteem, a global evaluation of self-worth. A person can have high efficacy in one domain and low efficacy in another, and can preserve self-esteem by treating low-efficacy domains as unimportant. In the 1980s and 1990s in the United States, exemplified by California's task force on self-esteem, a movement claimed that raising self-esteem would improve academic and social problems. However, a comprehensive 2003 review by Roy Baumeister and colleagues concluded that evidence of high self-esteem causing better academic or job performance was weak, and that self-esteem more often rises as a result of achievement. Option A reverses the definitions, option C conflates them, and option D ignores their independence. The practical implication is to invest in expanding what you can do rather than in liking yourself.
「達成を通じて自尊心を築け」という助言は、自尊心が成果に依存する「条件付き自尊心」を生み、失敗のたびに自己価値が揺らぐ脆さにつながる可能性があります。また、差別や排除を経験してきた人にとっては、達成以前に「自分には価値がある」という基本的な感覚の回復が先に必要な場合もあります。The advice to build self-esteem through achievement can create contingent self-esteem that depends on outcomes, leaving self-worth shaky after every failure. For people who have experienced discrimination or exclusion, restoring a basic sense of worth may need to come before achievement rather than after it, so the sequence is not universal.
効力感は課題ごとに達成経験で高めつつ、自己価値は Kristin Neff のセルフ・コンパッション（自分への思いやり）の実践で「成果に条件づけない」形で支えましょう。具体的には、失敗したときに「友人が同じ状況ならどう声をかけるか」と自問し、その言葉を自分に向けます。効力感と無条件の自己受容の二本立てが、挑戦を続けられる心理的基盤になります。Build efficacy task by task through mastery experiences, while supporting self-worth in a way not contingent on outcomes through Kristin Neff's practice of self-compassion. Concretely, after a failure ask how you would speak to a friend in the same situation and direct those words to yourself. The combination of efficacy and unconditional self-acceptance is the psychological base that allows you to keep taking on challenges.